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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQS);faqs.263


      in the New Uploads file area, named GNUEMACS.ZIP
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       /rtfm.mit.edu:pub/usenet/comp.compression/                            !
  Mailing list:
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  FAQ list:
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123: Freemacs -- a small Emacs for MS-DOS

  Author: Russ Nelson <[e-mail]>
  Latest released version: 1.6a
  Anonymous FTP:
    /simtel20.army.mil:PD:<MSDOS.FREEMACS> {ange-ftp syntax?}                !
    /grape.ecs.clarkson.edu:pub/msdos/freemacs/                              !
  Via e-mail:
    To: [e-mail]
    body: help
  Via snail mail:
    address: Russell Nelson, 11 Grant St., Potsdam, NY 13676
    Send $15 copying fee, and specify preferred floppy disk format:
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      [e-mail] (send bug reports here)

124: Patch -- program to apply "diffs" for updating files

  Author: Larry Wall <[e-mail]>
  Latest version: 2.0 patchlevel 12u8                                        !
    (This is the version that supports the new unified diff format.)
  Anonymous FTP:
    /prep.ai.mit.edu:pub/gnu/patch-2.0.12u8.tar.Z                            !
    /prep.ai.mit.edu:pub/gnu/patch-2.0.12g8.tar.Z  (GNU version)             +



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From: [e-mail] (Joe Wells)
Newsgroups: gnu.emacs.help,comp.emacs,news.answers
Subject: GNU Emacs FAQ (4/5, 125-151): Keybindings/Output
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                    GNU Emacs FAQ: Keybindings/Output

If you are viewing this text in a GNU Emacs Buffer, you can type "M-2 C-x $" to
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WAIS, or Prospero to rtfm.mit.edu.



Changing Key Bindings and Handling Key Binding Problems

125: How do I bind keys (including function keys) to commands?

  1. Find out what character sequence is generated by the keystroke sequence
     you wish to bind to a command.  See question 129 for how to do this.
     Keep in mind that the character sequences generated by a keystroke
     sequence varies from one terminal to another.  You may also get
     different results depending on what type of machine you are running on
     (see question 128).  For example, these keystrokes may generate these
     character sequences:

       F1        ---> ESC [ 2 2 4 z
       Shift-R10 ---> ESC O t
       L7        ---> ESC [ 3 1 ~
       Remove    ---> C-@

  2. Figure out what the Emacs Lisp syntax is for this character sequence.
     Inside an Emacs Lisp string, RET, LFD, DEL, ESC, SPC, and TAB are
     specified with `\r', `\n', `\C-?', `\e', ` ', and `\t'.  C-x is
     specified by `\C-x'.  M-x is specified the same was as "ESC x".
     (Control characters may also be specified as themselves, but I don't
     recommend it.)  An Emacs Lisp string begins and ends with the double
     quote character, `"'.  Here are some examples:

       ESC [ D       ---> "\e[D"
       ESC [ 2 2 7 z ---> "\e[227z"
       ESC [ 1 8 ~   ---> "\e[18~"
       C-M-r         ---> "\e\C-r"

  3. If some prefix of the character sequence is already bound, you must
     unbind it by binding it to `nil'.  For example:

       (global-set-key "\e[" nil)

  4. Pick a command to bind your key sequence to.  A command can be a
     "symbol" with a function definition, or a "lambda list", or a string
     (which is treated as a macro).  For example:

       (global-set-key "\e[D" 'backward-char)
       (global-set-key "\e[227~" "\exgoto-line\r") ; macro

  See `Key Bindings' and `Rebinding' in the online manual.

  In Emacs 19 (including Lucid Emacs), you can bind function key F24 like    +
  this:                                                                      +
                                                                             +
    (global-set-key 'f24 'some-command)                                      +

126: Why does Emacs say `Key sequence XXX uses invalid prefix characters'?

  A prefix of the character sequence you were trying to bind was already
  bound.  Usually, the sequence is "ESC [", in which case you should
  evaluate this form first:

    (define-key esc-map "[" nil)

  NOTE: By default, "ESC [" is bound to backward-paragraph, and if you do
  this you will lose this key binding.  For most people, this is not a
  problem.

  See question 125.

127: Why doesn't this [terminal or window-system setup] code work in my
 .emacs file, but it works just fine after Emacs starts up?

  This is because you're trying to do something in your .emacs file that
  needs to be postponed until after the terminal/window-system setup code
  is loaded.  This is a result of the order in which things are done
  during the startup of Emacs.  For more details see question 135.

  In order to postpone the execution of Emacs Lisp code until after the
  terminal/window-system setup, set the value of the variable
  term-setup-hook or window-setup-hook to be a function which does what
  you want.

  See etc/OPTIONS for a complete explanation of what Emacs does every time
  it is started.

  Here is a simple example of how to set term-setup-hook:

    (setq term-setup-hook
      (function
       (lambda ()
         (cond ((string-match "\\`vt220" (or (getenv "TERM") ""))
            ;; Make vt220's "Do" key behave like M-x:
            (define-key CSI-map "29~" 'execute-extended-command))
           ))))

128: How do I use function keys under X Windows?

  This depends on whether you are running Emacs inside a terminal emulator
  window, or whether you are allowing Emacs to create its own X window.
  You can tell which you are doing by noticing whether Emacs creates a new
  window when you start it.

  If you are running Emacs inside a terminal emulator window, then it
  behaves exactly as it does on any other tty.  In this case, for function
  keys to be useful, they must generate character sequences that are sent
  to the programs running inside the window as input.  The `xterm' program
  has two different sets of character sequences that it generates when
  function keys are pressed, depending on the sunFunctionKeys X resource
  and the -sf and +sf command line options.  (To find out what these key
  sequences are, see question 129.)  In addition, with xterm,
  you can override what key sequence a specific function key (or any other
  key) will generate with the `translations' resource.  This, for example:

    XTerm.VT100.Translations: #override \
      <KeyPress>F1: string(0x1b) string("[xyzzy")

  makes the function key F1 generate the character sequence "ESC [xyzzy".

  On the other hand, if Emacs is managing its own X window, the following
  description applies.  Emacs receives `KeyPress' events from the X server
  when a key is pressed while the keyboard focus is in its window.  The
  KeyPress event contains an X "keysym" code, which is simply an arbitrary
  number corresponding to the name of the keysym, and information on which
  "modifiers" such as `control' and `shift' are active.  For example, the
  `Tab' keysym is 0xff09.  (Generally, a key on the keyboard will generate a
  keysym whose name is the same as the label on the key, ie. the `Tab' key
  will normally generate the `Tab' keysym.  This can be changed with the
  xmodmap program.)  Emacs recognizes all the keysyms that correspond to
  standard ASCII characters and internally uses the ASCII character instead.

  (WARNING: I am about to describe a gross, disgusting hack to you, have
  your barf bag ready.)

  When Emacs receives the X keysym of one of the arrow keys, it behaves
  the same as if it had received a letter key with the control modifier
  down as follows (this is hard-coded):

    Up    becomes C-p
    Down  becomes C-n
    Right becomes C-f
    Left  becomes C-b

  The way Emacs treats other keysyms depends on what kind of machine it was
  compiled on.  The type of the display machine is irrelevant!  Function
  keys are mapped internally to escape sequences, while other keys are
  completely ignored.

  1. If compiled on a Sun, Emacs recognizes these X keysyms that
     are normally on a Sun keyboard:

       F1 through F9
       L1 through L10 (same as F11 through F20)
       R1 through R15 (same as F21 through F35)
     (The keys labelled R8, R10, R12, and R14 usually are mapped to the
      X keysyms Up, Left, Right, and Down.)
       Break (the `Alternate' key is given this keysym)

     These keys work like Sun function keys.  When Emacs recieves the
     keysym, it will internally use character sequences that look like "ESC
     [ ### z", where ### is replaced by a number.  The character sequences
     are identical to those generated by Sun's keyboard under SunView.  Any
     function key not listed above generates "ESC [ - 1 z".

     In order to use these key sequences, they should be bound to commands
     using the standard key binding methods, just as if Emacs were running
     on a regular terminal.

     WARNING: F11 and L1 are the same keysym in X, as are F12 and L2, etc.
     {Yes, this is stupid.  Complain to the X consortium.}

  2. If not compiled on a Sun, the function keys will appear to Emacs in a
     way remarkably similar to the keys of a DEC LK201 keyboard (used on
     some VT series terminals).  These X keysyms will be recognized:

       F1 through F20
       Help (treated same as F15)
       Menu (treated same as F16, is the LK201 `Do' key)
       Find
       Insert (LK201 `Insert Here' key)
       Select
       Prior (LK201 `Prev Screen' key *** ONLY IN 18.58 AND LATER ***)
       Next (LK201 `Next Screen' key *** ONLY IN 18.58 AND LATER ***)

     And finally, the LK201 key labelled `Remove' (or `Delete') is often
     mapped to the Delete keysym which generates the DEL character (C-?)
     instead of the key sequence given by the LK201 `Remove' key.  It may
     also be mapped to some other keysym, such as `_Remove', in which case
     you can't use it from within Emacs at all.

     Each function key will be internally converted to a character sequence
     that looks like "ESC [ ## ~", where ## is replaced by a number.  The
     character sequences are identical to those generated by a LK201
     keyboard.  Any function key not listed above generates "ESC [ - 1 ~".

  For the complete list of the numbers which are generated by the function
  keys, look in the file src/x11term.c at the definitions of the function
  stringFuncVal.

  If you are running Emacs on a Sun machine, even if your X display is
  running on a non-Sun machine (eg., an X terminal), you get the setup
  described above for Suns.  The determining factor is what type of
  machine Emacs is running (was compiled) on, not what type of machine
  your X display is on.

  If you have function keys not listed above on your keyboard, you can use
  `xmodmap' to change their keysym assignments to get keys that Emacs will
  recognize, but that may screw up other programs.

  X resources are not used by Emacs to affect the key sequences generated.
  In particular, there are no X key "translations" for Emacs.

  If you have function keys not listed above and you don't want to use
  xmodmap to change their names, you might want to make a modification to
  your Emacs.  Johan Vromans <[e-mail]> has made available a patch for Emacs
  that adds the x-rebind-key function of Epoch to Emacs 18.58.  This allows
  another layer of key rebinding before Emacs even sees the keys, and in
  this layer you can rebind all of the keys and modifier combinations as
  well.

  Anonymous FTP:
    /ftp.eu.net:gnu/emacs/FP-Xfun.Z                                          +
    /ftp.urc.tue.nl:pub/tex/emacs/FP-Xfun                                    +

  Johan Vromans explains what this buys for you:

    After implementing this, all keyboard keys can be configured to send
    user definable sequences, eg.,

      (x-rebind-key "KP_F1" 0 "\033OP")

    This will have the keypad key PF1 send the sequence "ESC O P", just like
    an ordinary VT series terminal.

129: How do I tell what characters my function or arrow keys emit?

  Use this function by Randal L. Schwartz <[e-mail]>:

    (defun see-chars ()
      "Displays characters typed, terminated by a 3-second timeout."
      (interactive)
      (let ((chars "")
        (inhibit-quit t))
    (message "Enter characters, terminated by 3-second timeout.")
    (while (not (sit-for 3))
      (setq chars (concat chars (list (read-char)))
        quit-flag nil))        ; quit-flag maybe set by C-g
    (message "Characters entered: %s" (key-description chars))))

  Alternatively, use the "C-h l" view-lossage command, which will display
  the last 100 characters Emacs has seen in its input stream.  Kevin
  Gallagher <[e-mail]> suggests typing some unique string
  like "wxyz", typing the key in question, then typing "C-h l".  The
  characters that appear between "wxyz" and "C-h l" were generated by the
  key.

130: How do I set the X key "translations" for Emacs?

  Sorry, you can't; there are no "translations" to be set.  Emacs is not
  written using the Xt library.  The only way to affect the behavior of keys
  within Emacs is through `xmodmap' (outside Emacs) or `define-key' (inside
  Emacs).

131: How do I handle C-s and C-q being used for flow control?

  C-s and C-q are used in the XON/XOFF flow control protocol.  This screws
  up Emacs because it binds these characters to commands.  Also, by default
  Emacs will not honor them as flow control characters and may overwhelm
  output buffers.  Sometimes, intermediate software using XON/XOFF flow
  control will prevent Emacs from ever seeing C-s and C-q.

  Possible solutions:

  * Disable the use of C-s and C-q for flow control.

    You need to determine what is the cause of the flow control.

    * your terminal

      Your terminal may use XON/XOFF flow control to have time to display
      all the characters it receives.  For example, VT series terminals do
      this.  It may be possible to turn this off from a setup menu.  For
      example, on a VT220 you may select `No XOFF' in the setup menu.  This
      is also true for some terminal emulation programs on PCs.

      When you turn off flow control at the terminal, you will also need to
      turn it off at the other end, which might be at the computer you are
      logged in to or at some terminal server in between.

      If you turn off flow control, characters may be lost; using a printer
      connected to the terminal may fail.  You may be able to get around
      this problem by modifying the `termcap' entry for your terminal to
      include extra NUL padding characters.

    * a modem

      If you are using a dialup connection, the modems may be using XON/XOFF
      flow control.  I don't know how to get around this.

    * a router or terminal server

      Some network box between the terminal and your computer may be using
      XON/XOFF flow control.  It may be possible to make it use some other
      kind of flow control.  You will probably have to ask your local
      network experts for help with this.

    * tty and/or pty devices

      If your connection to Emacs goes through multiple tty and/or pty
      devices, they may be using XON/XOFF flow control even when it is not
      necessary.

      Eirik Fuller <[e-mail]> writes:

        Some versions of `rlogin' (and possibly telnet) do not pass flow
        control characters to the remote system to which they connect.  On
        such systems, Emacs on the remote system cannot disable flow control
        on the local system.  Sometimes `rlogin -8' will avoid this problem.

        One way to cure this is to disable flow control on the local host
        (the one running rlogin, not the one running rlogind) using the stty
        command, before starting the rlogin process.  On many systems, `stty
        start u stop u' will do this.

        Some versions of `tcsh' will prevent even this from working.  One
        way around this is to start another shell before starting rlogin,
        and issue the stty command to disable flow control from that shell.

      Use `stty -ixon' instead of `stty start u stop u' on some systems.

  * Make Emacs speak the XON/XOFF flow control protocol.

    You can make Emacs treat C-s and C-q as flow control characters by
    evaluating this form:

      (set-input-mode nil t)

    If you are fixing this for yourself, simply put the form in your .emacs
    file.  If you are fixing this for your entire site, the best place to
    put it is unclear.  I don't know if this has any effect when used in
    lisp/site-init.el when building Emacs; I've never tried that.  {Can
    someone tell me whether it works?}  Putting things in users' .emacs files
    has a number of problems.

    Putting this form in lisp/default.el has the problem that if the user's
    .emacs file has an error, this will prevent lisp/default.el from being
    loaded and Emacs may be unusable for the user, even for correcting their
    .emacs file (unless they're smart enough to move it to another name).  A
    possible solution is to initially disable C-s and C-q by setting
    keyboard-translate-table in lisp/site-init.el, either with swap-keys
    (see question 136) or with the following form:

      ;; by Roger Crew <[e-mail]>:
      (setq keyboard-translate-table
            "\C-@\C-a\C-b\C-c\C-d\C-e\C-f\C-g\C-h\C-i\C-j\C-k\C-l\C-m\C-n\C-o\C-p\C-^\C-r\C-\\\C-t\C-u\C-v\C-w\C-x\C-y\C-z\C-[\C-s\C-]\C-q\C-_")

    This will at least prevent Emacs from being confused by the flow control
    characters, even if lisp/default.el cannot be loaded.  Then, in
    lisp/default.el, enable XON/XOFF flow control with set-input-mode.

  For further discussion of this issue, read the file PROBLEMS in the
  Emacs distribution.

132: How do I use commands bound to C-s and C-q (or any key) if these keys
 are filtered out?

  I suggest swapping C-s with C-\ and C-q with C-^:

    (swap-keys ?\C-s ?\C-\\)
    (swap-keys ?\C-q ?\C-^)

  See question 136 for the implementation of swap-keys.  This method
  has the advantage that it simultaneously swaps the characters everywhere
  throughout Emacs, while just switching the keybindings will miss important
  places where the character codes are stored (eg., the search-repeat-char
  variable, major mode keymaps, etc.).

  To do this for an entire site, you may want to swap the keys in
  lisp/default.el.  If only some of your users are connecting through
  XON/XOFF flow-controlled connections, you will want to do this
  conditionally.  I suggest pre-swapping them in lisp/site-init.el when
  Emacs is built, and then in lisp/default.el, if it is determined to be
  safe, they can be reenabled (being careful not to screw up any other key
  mappings users might have established using keyboard-translate-table).
  See question 131 for an easy way to pre-swap these keys.

  WARNING: If you do this for an entire site, the users will be confused by
  the disparity between what the documentation says and how Emacs actually
  behaves.

133: Why does the `BackSpace' key invoke help?

  The BackSpace key (on every keyboard I've used) generates ASCII code 8.
  C-h sends the same code.  In Emacs by default C-h invokes help-command.
  This is intended to be easy to remember since the first letter of "help"
  is "h".  The easiest solution to this problem is to use C-h (and
  BackSpace) for help and DEL (the Delete key) for deleting the previous
  character.

  For many people this solution may be problematic:

  * They normally use BackSpace outside of Emacs for deleting the previous
    character typed.  This can be solved by making DEL be the command for
    deleting the previous character outside of Emacs.  This command will do
    this on many Unix systems:

      stty erase '^?'

  * The person may prefer using the BackSpace key for deleting the previous
    character because it is more conveniently located on their keyboard or
    because they don't even have a separate Delete key.  In this case, the
    BackSpace key should be made to behave like Delete.  There are several
    methods.

    * Under X Windows, the easiest solution is to change the BackSpace key
      into a Delete key like this:

        xmodmap -e "keysym BackSpace = Delete"

    * Some terminals (eg., VT3## terminals) allow the character generated by
      the BackSpace key to be changed from a setup menu.

    * You may be able to get a keyboard that is completely programmable.

    * Under X or on a dumb terminal, it is possible to swap the BackSpace
      and Delete keys inside Emacs:

        (swap-keys ?\C-h ?\C-?)

      See question 136 for the implementation of swap-keys.

    * Another approach is to switch keybindings and put help on "C-x h"
      instead:

        (global-set-key "\C-h" 'delete-backward-char)
        (global-set-key "\C-xh" 'help-command) ; override mark-whole-buffer

      Other popular key bindings for help are M-? and "C-x ?".

      WARNING: Don't try to bind DEL to help-command, because there are many
      modes that have local bindings of DEL that will interfere.             -

134: Why doesn't Emacs look at the stty settings for Backspace vs. Delete?

  Good question!

135: Why don't the arrow keys work?

  When Emacs starts up, it doesn't know anything about arrow keys at all
  (except when running under X, see question 128).  During the process of
  starting up, Emacs will load a terminal-specific initialization file for
  your terminal type (as determined by the environment variable TERM), if
  one exists.  This file has the responsibility for enabling the arrow keys.

  There are several things that can go wrong:

  1. There is no initialization file for your terminal.

     You can determine this by looking in the lisp/term directory.  If your
     terminal type (as determined by the TERM environment variable) is
     xxx-yy-z, then the first of these files in the lisp/term directory will
     be loaded as the terminal-specific initialization file: xxx-yy-z.el,
     xxx-yy.el, or xxx.el.

     There are two major cases of this problem:

     * Your terminal type is very similar to one that has an init file.

       In this case, there are several techniques suggested by Colin Jensen
       <[e-mail]>, Ben Liblit <[e-mail]>, and Marc
       Auslander <[e-mail]>:

       A. Add a symbolic link in lisp/term for your terminal type that
          points to the similar type.  For example, you could make VT102
          terminals work with this command:

            ln -s vt100.el vt102.el

          This fixes things for everyone on the system who uses the terminal
          type.

       B. If you can't do the solution in part A, you can add code to your
          term-setup-hook that loads the correct file like this:

            (setq term-setup-hook
                  (function
                   (lambda ()
                     (cond ((equal "vt102" (or (getenv "TERM") ""))
                            (load (concat term-file-prefix "vt100")))
                           (;; Code for other terminal types goes here ...
                            )))))

       C. If you use `tset' to set your TERM environment variable when you
          login, you can use the `-m' switch to tell tset to use a terminal
          type known by Emacs instead of another similar one.  For example,
          specifying this:

            tset ... -m 'dec-vt220:vt220' ...

          will make tset say you are on a `vt220' instead of a `dec-vt220'.

       D. Interactively, you can type "M-x load-library RET term/vt100" to
          load the terminal-specific initialization files for VT100
          terminals.

     * Your terminal type is not similar to one that has an init file.

       One can be made for your terminal, or you can just add code to your
       own .emacs to handle this problem for yourself.  For example, if your
       terminal's arrow keys send these character sequences:

         Up:    ESC [ A
         Down:  ESC [ B
         Right: ESC [ C
         Left:  ESC [ D

       then you can bind these keys to the appropriate commands with code in
       your .emacs like this:

         (setq term-setup-hook
               (function
                (lambda ()
                  (cond ((string-match "\\`xyzzy" (or (getenv "TERM") ""))
                         ;; First, must unmap the binding for left bracket
                         (or (keymapp (lookup-key global-map "\e\["))
                             (define-key global-map "\e\[" nil))
                         ;; Enable terminal type xyzzy's arrow keys:
                         (define-key global-map "\e\[A" 'previous-line)
                         (define-key global-map "\e\[B" 'next-line)
                         (define-key global-map "\e\[C" 'forward-char)
                         (define-key global-map "\e\[D" 'backward-char))
                        ((string-match "\\`abcde" (or (getenv "TERM") ""))
                         ;; Do something different for terminal type abcde
                         ;; .....
                         )))))

     NOTE: You may have to restart Emacs to get changes to take effect.

     NOTE: Your arrow keys may send sequences beginning with "ESC O" when
     Emacs is running, even if they send sequences beginning with "ESC [" at
     all other times.  This is because Emacs uses any command there may be
     in your terminal's termcap entry for putting the terminal into
     "Application Keypad Mode".  Just map these sequences the same way as
     above.